Women (n = 5684) | HA-use | No HA | Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N) | (N) | OR | 95Â % CI | OR | 95Â % CI | OR | 95Â % CI | |
Sociodemographic variables | ||||||||
 Age |  |  | 1.124 | 1.109–1.140 | 0.994 | 0.971–1.017 | 0.996 | 0.971–1.022 |
 Having spouseb |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  No | 370 | 2515 |  | Reference |  | Reference |  | Reference |
  Yes | 213 | 2579 | 0.561 | 0.470–0.670 | 1.064 | 0.799–1.415 | 1.035 | 0.755–1.418 |
 Educationb |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Up to ten years education | 386 | 3394 |  | Reference |  | Reference |  | Reference |
  Vocational and general education | 74 | 653 | 0.996 | 0.766–1.295 | 1.489 | 1.042–2.127 | 1.558 | 1.051–2.308 |
  College and university | 19 | 250 | 0.668 | 0.414–1.078 | 1.239 | 0.668–2.300 | 1.108 | 0.574–2.141 |
Audiological variables | ||||||||
 Low frequency hearing thresholds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  <20 dB | 22 | 1763 |  | Reference |  | Reference |  | Reference |
  20 ≤  HT < 30 dB | 64 | 1986 | 2.582 | 1.584–4.210 | 0.996 | 0.572–1.736 | 0.925 | 0.494–1.734 |
  30 ≤  HT <40 dB | 120 | 887 | 10.841 | 6.833–17.202 | 1.468 | 0.851–2.532 | 1.291 | 0.704–2.366 |
  40 ≤  HT <50 dB | 150 | 314 | 38.282 | 24.087–60.841 | 2.076 | 1.165–3.697 | 1.554 | 0.819–2.950 |
  50 ≤  HT <60 dB | 108 | 103 | 84.026 | 50.982–138.489 | 1.765 | 0.920–3.388 | 1.324 | 0.643–2.726 |
  60 ≤  HT <70 dB | 58 | 24 | 193.663 | 102.640–365.405 | 1.985 | 0.817–4.826 | 1.826 | 0.670–4.905 |
  HT ≥ 70 dB | 61 | 24 | 203.680 | 108.227–383.319 | 0.845 | 0.301–2.369 | 0.876 | 0.284–2.704 |
 Medium frequency hearing thresholds |  |  | 3.595 | 3.288–3.930 | 3.473 | 2.936–4.109 | 2.816 | 2.340–3.390 |
 High frequency hearing thresholds |  |  | 2.441 | 2.280–2.614 | 1.020 | 0.901–1.155 | 0.962 | 0.836–1.106 |
 Bothered by hearing lossb |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Not at all | 45 | 3374 |  | Reference |  |  |  | Reference |
  Yes, a little | 237 | 877 | 20.262 | 14.607–28.106 |  |  | 6.409 | 4.276–9.583 |
  Yes, a lot | 246 | 131 | 140.798 | 97.981–202.326 |  |  | 15.298 | 9.607–24.359 |
 Nagelkerke R Square in %  -2Log likelihood |  |  |  |  |  | 54.9 1655.068 |  | 61.3 1305.535 |
 Men ( n  = 4815) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sociodemographic variables | ||||||||
 Age |  |  | 1.087 | 1.074–1.100 | 0.986 | 0.969–1.003 | 1.004 | 0.984–1.024 |
 Having spousec |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  No | 184 | 1000 |  | Reference |  | Reference |  | Reference |
  Yes | 703 | 2923 | 1.307 | 1.095–1.561 | 2.000 | 1.556–2.571 | 1.901 | 1.346–2.517 |
Educationc | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Up to ten years education | 454 | 2019 |  | Reference |  | Reference |  | Reference |
  Vocational and general education | 241 | 1104 | 0.971 | 0.817–1.154 | 1.457 | 1.166–1.820 | 1.384 | 1.086–1.764 |
  College and university | 56 | 343 | 0.726 | 0.538–0.980 | 1.396 | 0.954–2.047 | 1.482 | 0.985–2.230 |
Audiological variables | ||||||||
 Low frequency hearing thresholds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  <20 dB | 116 | 1879 |  | Reference |  | Reference |  | Reference |
  20 ≤  HT < 30 dB | 212 | 1352 | 2.540 | 2.004–3.219 | 1.136 | 0.854–1.511 | 1.089 | 0.799–1.485 |
  30 ≤  HT <40 dB | 234 | 471 | 8.048 | 6.303–10.276 | 1.710 | 1.244–2.349 | 1.462 | 1.034–2.067 |
  40 ≤  HT <50 dB | 165 | 152 | 17.584 | 13.166–23.484 | 2.180 | 1.482–3.208 | 1.887 | 1.240–2.870 |
  50 ≤  HT <60 dB | 86 | 42 | 33.168 | 21.927–50.172 | 2.137 | 1.213–3.764 | 1.767 | 0.952–3.282 |
  60 ≤  HT <70 dB | 41 | 10 | 66.413 | 32.448–135.929 | 3.481 | 1.328–9.1263 | 2.698 | 0.957–7.613 |
  HT ≥ 70 dB | 35 | 20 | 28.347 | 15.863–50.655 | 0.281 | 0.118–0.666 | 0.299 | 0.119–0.751 |
 Medium frequency hearing thresholds |  |  | 2.801 | 2.617–2.997 | 2.720 | 2.438–3.034 | 2.274 | 2.019–2.560 |
 High frequency hearing thresholds |  |  | 1.960 | 1.855–2.072 | 1.011 | 0.928–1.102 | 0.925 | 0.840–1.018 |
 Bothered by hearing lossc |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Not at all | 52 | 2261 |  | Reference |  |  |  | Reference |
  Yes, a little | 440 | 1147 | 16.680 | 12.405–22.427 |  |  | 7.458 | 5.225–10.644 |
  Yes, a lot | 315 | 154 | 88.938 | 63.574–124.420 |  |  | 17.024 | 11.238–25.778 |
 Nagelkerke R Square in %  -2Log likelihood |  |  |  |  |  | 47.2 2518.553 |  | 54.4 2062.380 |