3D-Ultrasonography for evaluation of facial muscles in patients with chronic facial palsy or defective healing: a pilot study

Table 1 Patients’ characteristics

Patient	Age (years)	Sex	Etiology	Interval since onset of palsy (months)	Type of reconstruction	Interval since reconstruction (months)	Side	EMG results*
#1	32	M	Brainstem surgery for medulloblastoma	37	Selective HFJ	18	L	IA: reduced
								PSA: none
								VA: Reinnervation potentials in nasalis m., zygomatic m., and orbicularis oris m. during tongue movements
								I: Reinnervation lower face by hypoglossal nerve
#2	26	F	Unclear	432	HFJ	7	R	IA: reduced
								PSA: none
								VA: Reinnervation potentials only in orbicularis oris m. during tongue movement
								I: Reinnervation by hypoglossal nerve has started
#3	26	F	Vestibular schwannoma surgery	37	HFJ	2	L	IA: reduced
								PSA: none
								VA: none
								I: Reinnervation has not yet started
#4	63	F	Glomus jugulare tumor surgery	35	None	NA	L	IA: reduced
								PSA: none
								VA: none
								I: severe lesion without signs of spontaneous regeneration; HFJ planned for same day
#5	65	F	Glomus jugulare tumor surgery	10	None	NA	R	IA: normal
								PSA: none
								VA: none
								I: severe lesion without signs of spontaneous regeneration; HFJ planned for one week later
#6	39	F	Idiopathic palsy	23	None	NA	R	IA: normal
								PSA: none
								VA: reduced in zygomatic muscles, synkinetic activity between orbicularis oris and oculi m.
								I: defective healing with synkinesis
#7	46	F	Vestibular schwannoma surgery	87	None	NA	R	IA: normal
								PSA: none
								VA: synkinetic activity between orbicularis oris and oculi m., massive activity in orbicularis oculi m.
								I: defective healing with synkinesis and hyperkinesis

NA = not applicable; *Insertion activity (IA); Pathologic spontaneous activity (PSA); Voluntary activity (VA); Interpretation (I).

ISSN: 1472-6815